Hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB), sintomas do trato urinário inferior (LUTS) e função sexual / Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS), and Sexual Function

A hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) representa o crescimento não maligno do tecido da próstata. Proliferação de células estromais e epiteliais na zona de transição da próstata causa compressão uretral e obstrução do fluxo vesical. Isso pode levar a manifestações de LUTS (lower urinary tract symptoms): urgência urinária, noctúria, dificuldades de micção, esvaziamento incompleto da bexiga, menor força e/ ou interrupção do jato e inflamações. Mecanismos do LUTS/HPB compartilhados afetam a função sexual masculina. Atividade aumentada de subtipos de receptores α1-adrenérgicos na próstata está associada à HPB. Tais receptores, também presentes no pênis, podem inibir a ereção, devido à HPB. Quanto à correlação entre LUTS e disfunção sexual, aventa-se que ambas resultem da contração anômala da musculatura lisa, por ativação dos receptores α1-adrenérgicos. LUTS/HPB causam desconforto nos homens, devido à obstrução urinária, ejaculação dolorosa, disfunção erétil (DE), distúrbios ejaculatórios e baixa libido, que prejudicam a qualidade de vida, deles e de suas parcerias. A noctúria interfere negativamente na qualidade do sono e na disposição para a atividade sexual. Tratamentos para LUTS/HPB podem induzir disfunções sexuais. Entre eles, ressecção transuretral (RTU), α1-bloqueadores, inibidores da 5α-redutase e terapia combinada (α1-bloqueador e 5α-redutase). Os efeitos prejudiciais do LUTS/HPB e de seu tratamento sobre a função sexual ainda são subdiagnosticados e insuficientemente tratados. A atividade sexual deve ser investigada antes e durante o tratamento, também orientando o paciente sobre os possíveis efeitos de cada opção terapêutica sobre a função sexual, evitando-se assim o abandono do tratamento.

Vulnerabilidade de pacientes com hiperplasia prostática tratados com dutasterida e finasterida / Vulnerability of patients with prostatic hyperplasia treated with dutasteride and finasteride / Vulnerabilidad de pacientes con hiperplasia prostática tratados con dutasterida y finasterida

Resumo A hiperplasia prostática benigna é uma patologia cuja incidência vem crescendo muito nos últimos anos, em todo o Brasil. A doença está correlacionada a fatores hormonais, e o tratamento farmacológico pode gerar efeitos adversos nos pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar fatores socioeconômicos e socioculturais que interferem na cura ou reduzem a qualidade de vida. Analisamos dados de plataformas do Governo Federal entre janeiro de 2009 a setembro de 2019, observando fatores como etnia, nível de escolaridade e situação econômica dos pacientes. Em todas as regiões do Brasil esses fatores se mostraram importantes, pois podem afetar diretamente a incidência da doença e a adesão e continuidade do tratamento.

Summary Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a pathology whose incidence has been increasing in recent years throughout Brazil. The disease is correlated with hormonal factors, and pharmacological treatment can have adverse effects on patients. This study assesses the socioeconomic and socio-cultural factors that interfere with healing or reduce quality of life. We analyzed data from Federal Government platforms between January 2009 and September 2019, looking at factors such as ethnicity, education level and economic status of patients. In all regions of Brazil, these factors proved to be important, as they can directly affect the incidence of the disease and adherence and continuity of treatment.

Resumen La hiperplasia prostática benigna es una patología cuya incidencia ha ido creciendo mucho en los últimos años, en todo Brasil. La enfermedad se correlaciona con factores hormonales, y el tratamiento farmacológico puede generar efectos adversos en los pacientes. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar factores socioeconómicos y socioculturales que interfieren con la curación o reducen la calidad de vida. Analizamos datos de plataformas del Gobierno Federal entre enero de 2009 y septiembre de 2019, observando factores como el origen étnico, el nivel educativo y la situación económica de los pacientes. En todas las regiones de Brasil, estos factores demostraron ser importantes, ya que pueden afectar directamente la incidencia de la enfermedad y la adherencia y continuidad del tratamiento.

Hiperplasia prostática benigna y síntomas del tracto urinario inferior / Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

Introducción: La hiperplasia prostática benigna constituye un problema de primer nivel de atención de salud por su alta prevalencia en los hombres. Objetivo: Identificar la presencia de síntomas del tracto urinario inferior relacionados a la hiperplasia prostática benigna y su repercusión en la calidad de vida de hombres de 50 o más años de edad, sin diagnóstico previo de hiperplasia prostática benigna, que asistieron al centro de salud de la parroquia Javier Loyola. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal entre noviembre del 2018 y enero 2019, que incluyó al total pacientes (106), que asistieron al centro de salud de la parroquia Javier Loyola y que aceptaron completar la Escala internacional de síntomas prostáticos. Los datos fueron analizados por medio de la estadística descriptiva y el test de χ2. Resultados: El 35,3 por ciento de investigados pertenecieron al grupo etario de 40 a 50 años, la presencia de síntomas del tracto urinario inferior leves (38,8 por ciento), moderados (39,7 por ciento) y severos (21,5 por ciento). Prevalecieron en porcentaje de participantes los desocupados (22,4 por ciento), los albañiles (23,3 por ciento), los hipertensos (26,7 por ciento), diabéticos (17,2 por ciento) y obesos (14,7 por ciento). La severidad de los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior no se asoció significativamente al tipo de ocupación. El 61,2 por ciento de pacientes presentaban síntomas del tracto urinario inferior moderados o severos y un 56,8 por ciento percibieron que su calidad de vida se veía afectada de alguna manera por los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior. Conclusiones: Preocupa el alto porcentaje de participantes con síntomas del tracto urinario inferior moderados/severos sin un diagnóstico previo de hiperplasia prostática benigna y con percepción de que su calidad de vida se ve afectada. La severidad de los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior incrementó con la edad y no a otros factores, excepto la ocupación(AU)

Introduction: Benign prostatic hyperplasia constitutes a first-level healthcare concern, due to its high prevalence among men. Objective: To identify the presence of lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic hyperplasia and its impact on the quality of life of men aged 50 years or older, without a previous diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia, who attended the health center of Javier Loyola Parish. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study carried out between November 2018 and January 2019, which included all the patients (106) who attended the health center of Javier Loyola Parish and agreed to complete the International Prostate Symptom Scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the chi-square test. Results: 35.3 percent of the participants belonged to the age group from 40 to 50 years. The presence was observed of mild (38.8 percent), moderate (39.7 percent) and severe (21.5 percent) lower urinary tract symptoms. There was a prevalence of unemployed (22.4 percent), bricklayers (23.3 percent), hypertensive (26.7 percent), diabetic (17.2 percent) and obese (14.7 percent) participants. The severity of the lower urinary tract symptoms was not significantly associated with the type of occupation. 61.2 percent of patients had mild or severe lower urinary tract symptoms and 56.8 percent perceived that their quality of life was affected, in some way, by lower urinary tract symptoms. Conclusions: There is concern about the high percentage of participants with mild or severe lower urinary tract symptoms, without a previous diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia, and with some perception that their quality of life is affected is. The severity of lower urinary tract symptoms increased with age but not with other factors, except occupation(AU)

Influencia de la modalidad de respuesta, edad y nivel de educación en el cuestionario internacional de síntomas prostáticos (IPSS) / Influence of the response modality, age and level of education in the international prostate symptoms questionnaire (IPSS)

OBJETIVOS: evaluar la influencia de la modalidad de respuesta (paciente vs. asistido por urólogo) en el cuestionario IPSS (International Prostate Symptom Score) y su relación con la edad y nivel de educación. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Análisis prospectivo de 74 pacientes que acudieron a la consulta de urología por síntomas de Hiperplasia Prostática Benigna (HPB) con o sin tratamiento para su patología y que no hayan completado anteriormente el cuestionario internacional de síntomas prostáticos (IPSS). Los cuestionarios fueron completados en la misma consulta urológica, primero por el paciente y luego con ayuda del urólogo. Se categorizó por edad y nivel de educación. Se evaluó la diferencia entre los puntajes de IPSS obtenidos con la forma autocompletada y con asistencia del urólogo y si esta diferencia estaba relacionada con la edad y con el nivel de educación. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando test no paramétrico para datos apareados de Wilcoxon. RESULTADOS: no se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el cuestionario completado por el paciente y el asistido por el urólogo. La media del score total fue de 13,66, y 13,67, respectivamente (p: 0.86). Al analizar los subgrupos, con respecto a la edad y al nivel de educación, tampoco se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. CONCLUSIÓN: en nuestra población de estudio, el cuestionario IPSS no fue influenciado por la modalidad de administración, tampoco por la edad ni por el nivel de educación.

OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the influence of the response modality (patient vs. urologist-assisted) in the IPSS questionnaire (international prostate symptom score) and its relationship with age and education level. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective analysis of 74 patients who came to the urology clinic for symptoms of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) with or without treatment for their pathology and who have not previously completed the international prostate symptoms questionnaire (IPSS). The questionnaires were completed in the same urological consultation, first by the patient and then with the help of the urologist. It was categorized by age and education level. The difference between the IPSS scores obtained with the self-completed form and with the assistance of the urologist and whether this difference was related to age and level of education was evaluated. The data were analyzed using non-parametric test for paired Wilcoxon data. RESULTS: no statistically significant difference was found between the questionnaire completed by the patient and the one assisted by the urologist. The average of the total score was 13.66, and 13.67, respectively (p: 0.86). When analyzing the subgroups, regarding age and level of education, no statistically significant differences were found. CONCLUSION: In our study population, the IPSS questionnaire was not influenced by the modality of administration, neither by age nor by level of education.

Comparación de los resultados clínicos en pacientes con Hiperplasia prostática benigna con tratamiento inicial Farmacológico, no farmacológico y quirúrgico, atendidos en el Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez de enero 2014 a diciembre 2016 / Comparison of the clinical results in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia with initial pharmacological, non-pharmacological and surgical treatment, managed at Pablo Arturo Suárez Hospital from january 2014 to december 2016

Contexto: Al momento existen pocos datos científicos que comparen las tres modalidades de tratamiento en Hiperplasia Prostática Benigna para determinar el mejor resultado clínico, considerando que se trata de una patología cuya incidencia aumenta a medida que aumenta la esperanza de vida poblacional. Objetivo: Comparar los resultados clínicos entre el tratamiento inicial farmacológico, no farmacológico y quirúrgico, basándose en la clínica de prostatismo en pacientes con Hiperplasia Prostática Benigna durante el período de enero 2014 a diciembre 2016. Diseño: Estudio Observacional, tipo Cohorte Retrospectiva. Pacientes y Métodos: Se procedió a dividir a 399 pacientes de acuerdo a la modalidad de tratamiento recibida. Se comparó la disminución del cuadro clínico en la primera consulta postratamiento utilizando una matriz de evaluación de síntomas urinarios elaborada por los autores, basada en la escala IPSS, que estratificó a los pacientes por el grado de severidad de la sintomatología. Se utilizó el software SPSS®. Resultados: Dentro del tratamiento no farmacológico, existió una diferencia de medias de 1,67 (IC 95% 0,49 ­ 2,85, p < 0,05); para el farmacológico fue de 0,21 (IC 95% 0,92 ­ 1,34, p = 0,713) y para el quirúrgico fue de 8,23 (IC 95% 7,19 ­ 9,27, p < 0,05). Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los tres grupos durante la fase pretratamiento, tras estratificarlos de acuerdo al grado de severidad. Post- intervención, se compararon los resultados clínicos de cada tratamiento hallando que en pacientes con síntomas leves no existieron diferencias significativas (p = 0,087), no así para pacientes con sintomatología moderada y severa en donde se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Conclusión: En pacientes con sintomatología urinaria catalogada como moderada y severa dentro de esta muestra, el tratamiento quirúrgico disminuyó la sintomatología urinaria en mayor proporción en comparación con el tratamiento farmacológico y el no farmacológico

Background: Currently there are few scientific data comparing the three therapeutic modalities of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia to determine the best clinical outcome, considering that it is a pathology whose incidence increases as population life expectancy arise. Objectives: To compare the clinical results between the initial pharmacological, nonpharmacological and surgical treatment, based on clinical signs of prostatism in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia during the period between January 2014 and December 2016. Study Design: Retrospective Cohort Study. Methods: 399 patients were divided according to the modality of treatment received: nonpharmacological, pharmacological and surgical. The decrease of the symptoms was compared with the first post-treatment consultation by using a matrix of evaluation of urinary symptoms elaborated by the authors, based on SPSS International Score; this tool stratified the patients by the severity of the symptomatology. SPSS® software was used. Results: Within the non-pharmacological treatment, there was a mean difference of 1.67 (95% CI 0.49 - 2.85, p <0.05); for the pharmacological it was 0.21 (95% CI 0.92 - 1.34, p = 0.713) and for the surgical was 8.23 (95% CI 7.19 - 9.27, p <0.05). Significant differences were found between the three groups during the pretreatment phase, after stratifying them according to the degree of severity. Post-intervention, the clinical results of each treatment were compared, finding that in patients with mild symptoms there were no significant differences (p = 0.087), not so for patients with moderate and severe symptoms where a statistically significant difference was found. Conclusion: In patients with urinary symptoms classified as moderate and severe within this sample, surgical treatment decreased urinary symptomatology in greater proportion compared to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment

La próstata desde una perspectiva inmunológica / The prostate from an immunological perspective

Los procesos inflamatorios e infecciosos que se desencadenan en la próstata, primordial glándula reproductiva masculina, originan las tres principales enfermedades de este órgano: prostatitis, hiperplasia prostática benigna y cáncer. Para entender la relación que existe entre estas tres patologías y los procesos de infección e inflamación, se realizó una revisión de la literatura científica, a conveniencia, en la base de datos PubMed, empleando los términos próstata, prostatitis, hiperplasia prostática benigna y cáncer de próstata. La literatura revisada resalta la importancia del adecuado funcionamiento del sistema inmune en el tejido prostático para eliminar los microorganismos causantes de infecciones, proceso a través del cual se desencadena la inflamación del tejido. Además, infecciones urinarias ascendentes, que culminan en prostatitis crónica, favorecen el desarrollo de la hiperplasia prostática benigna, agrandamiento y fibrosis de la próstata en hombres adultos, e incluso su progresión a cáncer en individuos genéticamente susceptibles. Por otro lado, las limitaciones en el diagnóstico de las alteraciones prostáticas promueven la inflamación crónica, y el uso indiscriminado de antibióticos de amplio espectro para el tratamiento de la prostatitis, impulsa la diseminación sexual de microorganismos multirresistentes al tratamiento. Las alteraciones prostáticas, en especial la prostatitis, continúan siendo patologías enigmáticas de difícil diagnóstico y tratamiento. El estudio de la próstata, sus alteraciones y su relación con el sistema inmune contribuirán a limitar el uso indiscriminado de antibióticos y a reducir los costos en salud y los efectos sobre la calidad de vida de los individuos afectados

Inflammatory and infectious processes triggered in the prostate, the primary male reproductive gland, originate the three main diseases of this organ: prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia and cancer. To understand the relationship between these three pathologies and inflammatory and infectious processes, a review of the scientific literature was carried out in PubMed database using the terms prostate, prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. The revised articles highlight the importance of properly immune system functioning in the prostate tissue to remove the microorganisms that cause infections, a process which also triggers tissue inflammation. In addition, ascending urinary infections, which culminate in chronic prostatitis, favor the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia, enlargement and fibrosis of the prostate in adult men, and even its progression to cancer in genetically susceptible individuals. Furthermore, limitations in the diagnosis of prostatic disorders promote chronic inflammation, and the indiscriminate use of broad spectrum antibiotics for prostatitis treatment leads to sexual dissemination of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Prostatic disorders, especially prostatitis, continue to be enigmatic pathologies of difficult diagnosis and treatment. The study of the prostate, its disorders and its relationship with the immune system will contribute to limit the indiscriminate use of antibiotics and to reduce health costs and the effects on the quality of life of affected individuals

Mecanismos inflamatorios involucrados en la fisiopatología de la hiperplasia prostática benigna / Inflammatory Mechanisms Involved in the Pathophysiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

La obstrucción del tracto de salida ha sido asociada con la hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB), dado el crecimiento progresivo del adenoma, lo cual lleva a un incremento en la resistencia al flujo urinario, junto con un efecto deletéreo en la función renal. Se han descrito múltiples teorías asociadas con el desarrollo de la hiperplasia. Entre las cuales se encuentran: La edad, el incremento en la actividad simpática, alteraciones hormonales, el síndrome metabólico y la inflamación crónica. En los últimos años, el rol de la inflamación prostática local en el entendimiento de la patogénesis y progresión de la HPB ha cobrado relevancia. Esa hipótesis plantea que infiltrados inflamatorios conllevan a una lesión tisular, generando así un proceso crónico de cicatrización que condiciona el incremento en el tamaño prostático. El presente artículo se enfoca en describir los mecanismos inflamatorios involucrados en la fisiopatología de la hiperplasia prostática beniga

Urinary tract obstruction has been associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), given the progressive adenoma growth. This process leads to an increase in urinary flow resistance, associated with a deleterious effect of renal function. Age, increased sympathetic activity, hormonal alterations, metabolic syndrome and chronic inflammation are among the multiple theories associated with the development of hyperplasia. In recent years, the role of local prostatic inflammation in understanding the pathogenesis and progression of BPH has become relevant. This hypothesis suggests that inflammatory infiltrates lead to a tissue injury, thus generating a chronic healing process that conditions the prostatic increase. The present article focuses on describing the inflammatory mechanisms involved on BPH pathophysiology.

Complicaciones infecciosas después de prostatectomía abierta y resección transuretral de próstata en pacientes con hiperplasia prostática benigna / Postoperative infectious complications after open prostatectomy and transurethral resection of the prostate in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia

RESUMEN La hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) es la neoplasia más común en hombres y puede requerir tratamiento quirúrgico cuando hay retención urinaria, uropatía obstructiva, hematuria a repetición, cistolitiasis o falta de mejoría de los síntomas con las terapias farmacológicas. Las opciones quirúrgicas más frecuentes son la prostatectomía abierta y la resección transuretral de próstata, entre cuyas complicaciones están las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) hasta en 12,9 % de los pacientes. Sin embargo, este porcentaje es variable porque no siempre se especifica la diferencia entre ITU y bacteriuria. Los siguientes son factores de riesgo: bacteriuria preoperatoria, tiempo quirúrgico mayor de 60 minutos y manipulación posoperatoria de la sonda vesical. Es importante que los profesionales de la salud que participan en la atención de pacientes con HPB conozcan e intervengan estas complicaciones infecciosas y sus factores de riesgo.

SUMMARY Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common tumor in men and may require surgical treatment when there is urinary retention, obstructive uropathy, recurrent hematuria, cystolithiasis or lack of improvement of symptoms with drug therapies. The most common surgical options are open prostatectomy and transurethral resection of the prostate. Urinary tract infections (UTI) are among the complications of these procedures, and may occur in up to 12.9 % of patients. However, this percentage is variable because the difference between UTI and bacteriuria is not always specified. Risk factors are: preoperative bacteriuria, operating time longer than 60 minutes and handling of postoperative bladder catheter. It is important that health professionals involved in the care of patients with BPH know these infectious complications and their risk factors.

Efecto de la tamsulosina en la calidad de vida de pacientes con hiperplasia prostática benigna / The effect of tamsulosin in the quality of life of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia

Resumen Introducción La hiperplasia prostática benigna es el padecimiento urológico más frecuente en hombres mayores de 50 años; sus síntomas afectan la calidad de vida. Los bloqueadores alfa-adrenérgicos son una opción para mejorarla. Objetivo Determinar la calidad de vida de pacientes con hiperplasia prostática benigna antes y después del tratamiento con un bloqueador alfa-adrenérgico. Material y métodos Estudio pretest-retest en hombres de 45 a 75 años con hiperplasia prostática benigna. Se administró tamsulosina (0.4 mg/día) por tres meses y se evaluó la severidad de los síntomas y la calidad de vida con el International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) y EuroQol 5-D. Se usaron X2 y prueba de rangos y signos de Wilcoxon. Resultados Se incluyeron 50 pacientes de 63.3 ± 10.3 años, 34 (68.0%) tenían síntomas severos antes del tratamiento y 19 (38.0%) después de tres meses (p < 0.05). Con el IPSS, 33 (66.0%) pacientes estaban en categorías de «tan insatisfecho como insatisfecho¼ a «muy insatisfecho¼ antes de la intervención y seis (12.0%) después de ella. La escala visual análoga (EVA) del EuroQol 5-D mostró puntuación basal de 72.9 ± 11.2 versus 83.4 ± 7.6 después (p < 0.05). Conclusión La tamsulosina reduce la severidad de los síntomas y mejora la calidad en de vida en la hiperplasia prostática benigna después de administrarla tres meses.

Abstract Introduction Benign prostatic hyperplasia is an urological disorder most common in men over 50 years old; the symptoms affect the quality of life. Alpha-adrenergic blockers are an option to improve it. Objective To determine the quality of life of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia before and after treatment with an alphaadrenergic blocker. Material and methods Pretest-retest study in men of 45 to 75 years with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Tamsulosin was administered (0.4 mg/day) for three months; the severity of symptoms and quality of life were assessed with IPSS and EuroQol 5-D. Ranges and sign of Wilcoxon test and X2 were used. Results Fifty patients were included of 63.3 ± 10.3 years of age, 34 (68.0%) had severe symptoms before the treatment and 19 (38.0%) after three months (p < 0.05). With IPSS, 33 (66.0%) patients were in the categories of «as dissatisfied as unsatisfied¼ and «very dissatisfied¼ before the intervention and six (12.0%) after. The VAS of the EuroQol 5-D showed a baseline score of 72.9 ± 11.2 versus 83.4 ± 7.6 after (p < 0.05). Conclusion Tamsulosin reduces severity of symptoms and improves quality of life in benign prostatic hyperplasia after giving it three months.

Propuesta algoritmo de cribado para alteraciones morfológicas de la Próstata. Revisión de la evidencia actual / Proposed screening algorithm for morphological alterations of the Prostate. Review of current evidence

Las alteraciones morfológicas de la próstata, por las que se realiza cribado son la hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) y el cáncer de próstata (CaP). La HPB es el tumor benigno más frecuente en varones mayores de 50 años, se caracteriza por el aumento del volumen de la glándula y usualmente acompañado de síntomas urinarios. El CaP es la segunda causa de muerte relacionada con cáncer en Estados Unidos y Europa en mayores de 70 años, su incidencia por debajo de los 50 es rara. El cribado o pruebas de detección, tiene como meta el hallar el cáncer antes de la aparición de síntomas, el cribado no se realiza en pacientes por sospechar que tienen cáncer, sino como un método de pesquisa. El objetivo de este artículo, es efectuar una revisión a los referentes teóricos, y proponer un nuevo algoritmo diagnóstico de alteraciones morfológicas de la próstata, basado en la evidencia.

Morphological alterations of the prostate, for which screening is performed include benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa). BPH is the most common in men over 50 years benign tumor, is characterized by the increase in the volume of the gland and usually accompanied by urinary symptoms. PCa is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States and Europe in over 70 years, the incidence below 50 is rare. Screening or testing, aims the finding cancer before the onset of symptoms, screening is not performed in patients with suspected cancer, but as a method of investigation. The purpose of this article is to review the theoretical framework and propose a new diagnostic algorithm of morphological alterations of the prostate, based on evidence.

Contemporary surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia / Tratamento cirúrgico contemporâneo da hiperplasia prostática benigna

Summary Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition in adult men and its incidence increases progressively with aging. It has an important impact on the individual's physical and mental health and its natural progression can lead to serious pathological situations. Although the initial treatment is pharmacological, except in specific situations, the tendency of disease progression causes a considerable portion of the patients to require surgical treatment. In this case, there are several options available today in the therapeutic armamentarium. Among the options, established techniques, such as open surgery and endoscopic resection using monopolar energy, still prevail in the choice of surgeons because they are more accessible, both from a socioeconomic standpoint in the vast majority of medical services and in terms of training of medical teams. On the other hand, new techniques and technologies arise sequentially in order to minimize aggression, surgical time, recovery and complications, optimizing results related to the efficacy/safety dyad. Each of these techniques has its own peculiarities regarding availability due to cost, learning curve and scientific consolidation in order to achieve recognition as a cutting-edge method in the medical field. The use of bipolar energy in endoscopic resection of the prostate, laser vaporization and enucleation techniques, and videolaparoscopy are examples of new options that have successfully traced this path. Robot-assisted surgery has gained a lot of space in the last decade, but it still needs to dodge the trade barrier. Other techniques and technologies will need to pass the test of time to be able to conquer their space in this growing market.

Resumo A hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) é uma condição comum em homens adultos, de incidência progressiva com o envelhecimento, com importante impacto nas saúdes física e mental do indivíduo e história natural que pode levar a situações patológicas graves. Embora o tratamento inicial, salvo em situações específicas, seja farmacológico, a tendência de progressão da doença leva uma considerável parcela dos pacientes a necessitar do tratamento cirúrgico. Neste caso, existem diversas opções hoje disponíveis no arsenal terapêutico. Dentre estas, as técnicas consagradas, como as cirurgias por via aberta e a ressecção endoscópica por energia monopolar, ainda ocupam extenso terreno na escolha dos cirurgiões por serem mais acessíveis, tanto do ponto de vista socioeconômico na imensa maioria dos serviços médicos quanto do de aprendizado por parte das equipes médicas. Por outro lado, novas técnicas e tecnologias surgem sequencialmente no intuito de minimizar a agressão, o tempo cirúrgico, as complicações, bem como favorecer a recuperação, otimizando resultados em relação ao binômio eficácia/segurança. Cada uma destas tem seu próprio curso em relação à disponibilidade de acesso em decorrência de custo, curva de aprendizagem e consolidação científica, a fim de atingir conceituação e utilização de ponta no meio médico. O uso da energia bipolar na ressecção endoscópica da próstata, as técnicas de vaporização e enucleação a laser e a videolaparoscopia são exemplos de novas opções que trilharam esse caminho com sucesso. A cirurgia robô-assistida tem conquistado bastante espaço na última década, embora ainda esbarre na barreira comercial. Outras técnicas e tecnologias devem passar pelo crivo do tempo para poderem cavar espaço neste mercado que, tempo após tempo, torna-se mais vasto.

Variables que influyen en el pronóstico de la cirugía fotovaporización prostática mediante láser verde en el tratamiento de hiperplasia prostática benigna (HBP), en el servicio de urología del Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín / Influential variables in the prognosis of prostate photovaporization surgery through green laser in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia in the Urology Department of HCAM

Introducción: Determinar los factores de riesgo preoperatorios e intraoperatorios que influyen en el resultado final de la intervención con láser verde KTP en pacientes con Hiperplasia prostática benigna. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en una cohorte de 153 pacientes con diagnóstico de Hiperplasia Benigna de Próstata (HBP), sometidos a cirugía mediante láser verde KTP y realizada desde mayo 2010 a septiembre 2013 en el Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín. Analizamos variables preoperatorias como edad, volumen prostático medido por ecografía, peso prostático por tacto rectal, PSA, antecedentes urológicos, antecedentes patológicos personales y clasificación ASA; así como variables intraoperatorias: tiempo quirúrgico y complicaciones. Resultados: Éxito quirúrgico ocurrió en el 59% de la muestra. En el análisis bivariado y multivariado, tanto el volumen prostático medido por ecografía (≥ 40 cm3) y las complicaciones intraoperatorias fueron significativas. Discusión: La fotovaporización con láser verde es una técnica implementada en nuestro medio para el tratamiento de HBP. Es preciso estudiar múltiples variables para predecir el éxito o fracaso de la intervención quirúrgica. Palabras clave: laser verde, hiperplasia prostática benigna, fotovaporización.

Introduction: To determine preoperative and operative risk factors that may influence the final outcome of prostatic surgery using KTP green laser in patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Methods: Retrospective study performed within cohort of patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia who underwent surgery using KTP greenlight laser, conducted between May 2010 to September 2013, at Carlos Andrade Marín Hospital. Several pre-operative variables were analyzed, among them: age, ultrasound, prostatic volume, prostatic weight assessed by rectal examination, PSA, urological history, medical history and ASA classification; and also intraoperative variables like surgical time and surgical complications. Results: Successful outcome was seen in 59% of treated patients. In the bivariate and multivariate analysis prostatic volume measured with ultrasound and intraoperative complications achieved significance. Discusion: Green laser photovaporization is a technique already implemented in our country for the BPH treatment. Multiple variables should be analyzed in order to predict surgical outcome.

Análise do perfil de expressão de fatores de crescimento e sua relação com marcadores de inflamação e angiogênese na etiopatogenia da hiperplasia prostática benigna / Analysis of the expression profile of growth factors and their relationship with markers of inflammation and angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia

INTRODUÇÃO: A HPB é a neoplasia benigna mais comum no homem. Embora amplamente estudada, a patogênese da HPB não foi totalmente elucidada. Fatores de crescimento são proteínas que regulam o crescimento, a diferenciação e morte celular programada. Estudos têm demonstrado que eles interagem com marcadores de inflamação e angiogênese na próstata e simulam a resposta que ocorre no processo de cicatrização de tecidos. Avaliamos o perfil de expressão de FC e marcadores de inflamação e angiogênese no tecido prostático de pacientes com próstata aumentada em relação ao grupo controle com próstata de tamanho normal. MÉTODO: Foram analisados tecidos prostáticos congelados de 62 pacientes submetidos à ressecção transuretral da próstata ou cirurgia aberta para tratamento da HPB. O grupo controle foi composto por amostras de tecido de 8 pacientes com próstata de pequeno volume (menor do que 40 gramas) obtidas por ressecção transuretral. Os níveis de expressão dos FC (EGF, FGF2, PDF, TGFbeta1, IGF1), de angiogênese (VEGF, CD105) e de inflamação (IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 e IL-17) foram avaliados por reação de cadeia da polimerase em tempo real quantitativo (qRT-PCR). A análise de subgrupo de pacientes com e sem uso de sonda vesical de demora antes da cirurgia bem como a correlação da expressão com variáveis clínico-demográficas (volume prostático, PSA, presença de prostatite, idade e tempo de sintoma) foram realizadas. RESULTADOS: Encontramos superexpressão de todos os fatores de crescimento, marcadores de inflamação e angiogênese nos 62 pacientes com HPB em relação ao grupo controle. Verificamos na análise de subgrupo que a presença da sonda vesical parece induzir o aumento da expressão de FGF2, IGF1, TGFbeta1, IL-8 e VEGF. Estes dois últimos apresentaram-se ainda mais superexpressos em pacientes com prostatite associada a HPB. Pacientes com expressão de IGF1 acima da média também apresentaram expressão aumentada de outros fatores de crescimento (FGF2, TGFbeta1,...

INTRODUCTION: BPH is the most common benign tumor in men. Although widely studied, the pathogenesis of BPH has not been fully elucidated. Growth factors (GF) are proteins that regulate growth, differentiation, and programmed cell death. Studies have shown that they interact with markers of inflammation and angiogenesis in prostate and simulate the response that occurs in the tissue healing process. We evaluate the FC expression profile and inflammation and angiogenesis markers in prostate tissue from patients with enlarged prostate compared to the control group with normal sized prostate. METHOD: Frozen prostate tissues were analyzed from 62 patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate or open surgery for treating BPH. The control group was composed of tissue samples from 8 patients with small prostate volume (less than 40 grams) obtained by transurethral resection. The expression levels of GF (EGF, FGF2, PDF, TGFbeta1, IGF1), angiogenesis (VEGF, CD105) and inflammatory (IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-17) were evaluated by reaction Polymerase chain quantitative real-time (qRT-PCR). The subgroup analysis of patients with and without use of indwelling urinary catheter before surgery as well as the correlation of expression with clinical and demographic variables (prostate volume, PSA, presence of prostatitis, age and symptom of time) were performed. RESULTSs: We found overexpression of all growth factors, inflammation and angiogenesis markers in the 62 patients with BPH compared to the control group. We found in subgroup analysis that the presence of urinary catheter seems to induce increased FGF2, IGF1, TGF?1, IL-8 and VEGF expression. These latter had become even more overexpressed in patients with BPH associated with prostatitis. Patients with IGF1 expression above the average also showed increased expression of other GF (FGF2, TGFbeta1, IL-2 and CD105). And also, the level of IGF1 expression was higher in patients older than 65 years...

Avaliação farmacogenética em pacientes tratados com fármacos antitabagismo / Pharmacogenetic evaluation in patients treated with drugs for smoking cessation

Introdução: A grande variabilidade individual em resposta a fármacos antitabagismo sugere que tratamentos específicos podem ser mais efetivos em determinados subgrupos de fumantes. No contexto de medicina personalizada, o principal objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se polimorfismos nos genes CHRNA4, CHRNB2, CYP2B6 e ANKK1 estão associados com a resposta às terapias de cessação tabágica em pacientes provenientes de um programa de assistência ao fumante. Métodos: Estudo de coorte com 483 pacientes fumantes que receberam tratamento farmacológico (vareniclina, vareniclina e bupropiona, bupropiona em monoterapia ou coadministrada com terapia de reposição nicotínica). O sucesso na cessação tabágica foi considerado para os pacientes que completaram 6 meses de abstinência contínua. O teste de Fagerstrõm para a dependência à nicotina (FTND) e o escore de consumo situacional Issa foram utilizados para avaliar a dependência à nicotina. Os polimorfismos CHRNA4 (rs1044396 e rs2236196), CHRNB2 (rs2072660 e rs2072661) e ANKK1 (rs1800497) foram genotipados pela análise da curva de melting e os polimorfismos CYP2B6 *9 (rs3745274), *4 (rs2279343), *5 (rs3211371) foram genotipados por restrição enzimática. Resultados: Os pacientes com o genótipo CC para o polimorfismo CHRNA4 (rs10443196) obtiveram menor taxa de sucesso no tratamento com vareniclina (29,5%) em comparação com os portadores dos genótipos CT ou TT (50,9%) (P=0,007; n=167). Os genótipos CT ou TT foram associados com maior odds ratio para o sucesso (OR=1,67; IC 95%=1,10-2,53; P=0,02), em um modelo multivariado. Os pacientes com o genótipo AA para o polimorfismo CYP2B6 (rs2279343) obtiveram maior taxa de sucesso no tratamento com bupropiona (48,0%) em comparação com portadores dos genótipos AG ou GG (35,5%) (P=0,05; n=237). O genótipo AA foi associado com maior odds ratio para o sucesso no tratamento (OR=1,92; IC 95%=1,08-3,42; P=0,03), em um modelo multivariado. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas...

Background: The large individual variability in response to drugs for smoking cessation suggests that specific treatments can be more effective in particular subgroups of smokers. In the context of personalized medicine, the main aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the CHRNA4, CHRNB2, CYP2B6 and ANKK1 polymorphisms are associated with response to smoking cessation therapies in patients from a smoker assistance program. Methods: This cohort study enrolled 483 smoking patients patients who received pharmacological treatment (varenicline, varenicline plus bupropion, bupropion in monoterapy or plus nicotine replacement therapy). Smoking cessation success was considered for patients who completed 6 months of continuous abstinence. Fagerstrõm test for nicotine dependence (FTND) and Issa situational smoking scores were analyzed for nicotine dependence. The CHRNA4 (rs1044396 and rs2236196), CHRNB2 (rs2072660 and rs2072661) and ANKK1 rs1800497 polymorphisms were genotyped by high resolution melting analysis and the CYP2B6 *9 (rs3745274), *4 (rs2279343) and *5 (rs3211371) were genotyped by restriction fragment lenght polymorphisms. Results: Patients with CHRNA4 rs1044396 CC genotype had lower success rate in treatment with varenicline (29.5%) compared with carriers of CT or TT genotypes (50.9%) (P=0.007, n=167). The CT or TT genotypes were associated with higher odds ratio for success (OR=1.67, 95%CI=1.10-2.53, P=0.02), in a multivariate model. Patients with CYP2B6 rs2279343 AA genotype had higher success rate in treatment with bupropion (48.0%) compared with carriers of AG or GG genotypes (35.5%) (P=0.05, n=237). The AA genotype was associated with higher odds ratio for success (OR=1.92, 95%CI=1.08-3.42, P=0.03), in a multivariate model. We did not observe significant differences in the FTND and Issa scores according to the studied polymorphisms. Conclusion: The CHRNA4 rs1044396 and CYP2B6 rs2279343 are associated with smoking...

Vaporización fotoselectiva prostática con láser greenlight: ¿existen más complicaciones en pacientes octogenarios? / Photoselective prostatic vaporization with greenlight laser: are there more complications in octogenarians?

Durante décadas la resección transuretral de próstata (RTU) se ha considerado el tratamiento de elección para la hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) sintomática. Los efectos adversos se reportan entre un 7 a 14 por ciento de los pacientes. Desde la introducción de la vaporización fotoselectiva prostática (VFSP) con láser GreenLight® su uso se ha propagado extensamente reportándose similar efectividad y mayor seguridad. Por otra parte, en los últimos años ha aumentado importantemente el número de procedimientos en octogenarios. Hoy se operan pacientes más añosos y con más comorbilidades. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue evaluar si los pacientes octogenarios sometidos a VFSP con láser GreenLight® presentan más complicaciones que los menores de 80 años. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, de casos y controles. Se incluyeron pacientes con HPB sintomática sometidos a VFSP con láser GreenLight® entre los años 2005 y 2012. Se registró número de comorbilidades, número de fármacos, riesgo ASA y tiempo quirúrgico. Como complicaciones se consideró fiebre, requerimiento de transfusión, retención aguda de orina, estenosis de cuello, síntomas irritativos vesicales y otras. Se utilizó t-student y chi-cuadrado para comparar los grupos. Se obtuvo Odds ratio (OR) para las complicaciones. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio 104 pacientes, 33 de ellos tenían 80 años o más. No existieron diferencias significativas entre los grupos. La estadía hospitalaria fue mayor en los pacientes octogenarios (60h vs 26h, p<0,001, IC 95 por ciento 14,9-54,2). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en cuanto a las complicaciones (36,4 por ciento vs 23,9 por ciento, p=0,24) con un OR de 1,82 (IC 95 por ciento 0,74 - 4.44).Conclusiones: Los octogenarios sometidos a VFSP con láser GreenLight® no presentan más complicaciones que aquellos de menor edad por lo que éste tratamiento podría considerarse como una alternativa segura y razonable para este grupo de pacientes...

For decades, transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) has been considered the treatment of choice for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Adverse effects were reported between 7-14 percent of patients. Since the introduction Photoselective vaporization of the prostate (VFSP) with GreenLight ® laser its use has spread widely with similar effectiveness and increased safety being reported. Moreover, in recent years the number of procedures in octogenarians have significantly increased. Today more elderly patients with comorbidities are operated. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether octogenarians undergoing VFSP with GreenLight ® laser present more complications than those under 80.Methods: A retrospective, case-control study. Patients with symptomatic BPH that underwent GreenLight ® laser VFSP between 2005 and 2012 were included. Number of comorbidities, number of medications, ASA risk and operative time were recorded. As complications we considered: fever, transfusion requirements, acute urinary retention, bladder neck stenosis, bladder irritative symptoms and others. T-student and chi-square test were used to compare the groups. Odds ratio (OR) was obtained for complications. Results: The study included 104 patients, 33 of them were 80 years or older. There were no significant differences between groups. The hospital stay was higher in octogenarians (60h vs 26h, p <0.001, 95 percent CI 14.9 to 54.2). No significant differences were found in terms of complications (36.4 percent vs 23.9 percent, p = 0.24) with an OR of 1.82 (95 percent CI 0.74 - 4.44).Conclusions: Octogenarians undergoing VFSP with GreenLight ® laser did not have more complications than those younger patients, so this treatment could be considered as a safe and reasonable alternative for this group of patients...

Carcinogenicidad del D-004 en ratas Sprague Dawley. Reporte parcial a los 18 meses / Carcinogenicity of D-004 in Sprague Dawley rats. A partial report at 18 months

Introducción: el D-004, un extracto lipídico del fruto de la palma real, Roystonea regia, constituido por una mezcla reproducible de ácidos grasos, principalmente oleico, palmítico, láurico y mirístico, ha mostrado prevenir la hiperplasia prostática (HP) inducida con T en roedores y actúa mediante un mecanismo multifactorial que implica la inhibición de 5a-reductasa prostática, el antagonismo de las respuestas mediadas por los a1-ADR, efectos anti-inflamatorios y antioxidantes. Objetivo: el presente trabajo tiene como propósito resumir los resultados parciales (18 meses) del estudio de carcinogenicidad a largo plazo del D-004 en ratas, el cual culminará con el tiempo establecido de 24 meses. Métodos: se distribuyeron ratas Sprague Dawley (SD) de ambos sexos aleatoriamente, en cuatro grupos (50 ratas/sexo/grupo): un grupo como control de vehículo, y tres tratados con D-004 (500, 1 000 y 1 500 mg/kg, respectivamente). Los tratamientos se administraron por intubación gástrica. Este reporte incluye los resultados de peso corporal, observaciones clínicas, mortalidad y frecuencia de aparición de tumores hasta ese momento. Resultados: la frecuencia de mortalidad es baja, en los grupos tratados fue de un 8.3 por ciento por un 9 por ciento en los controles, no se evidencia disminución en el tiempo de supervivencia y las observaciones diarias no revelaron signos indicativos de toxicidad atribuibles al tratamiento. Además, el momento de aparición y la frecuencia de tumores en animales tratados y controles fueron estadísticamente similares en ambos sexos. Conclusiones: en conclusión, la administración de D-004 (5001500 mg/kg) a ratas durante los primeros 18 meses del estudio, no mostró evidencias de toxicidad o carcinogenicidad temprana relacionadas con el tratamiento

Introduction: D-004, a lipid extract from royal palm (Roystonea regia) fruit made up of a reproducible mixture of fatty acids, mainly oleic, palmitic, lauric and myristic, has shown to prevent prostate hyperplasia (PH) induced by T in rodents. It acts through a multifactorial mechanism involving prostatic 5a-reductase inhibition, antagonism of a1-ADR-mediated responses, and antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects. Objective: the paper is aimed at summarizing the partial results (18 months) of the long-term carcinogenicity study of D-004 in rats, which is set to conclude in the established 24-month period. Method: Sprague Dawley (SD) rats of both sexes were randomly distributed into four groups (50 rats/sex/group): one group as vehicle control and three treated with D-004 (500, 1 000 and 1 500 mg/kg, respectively). Treatments were administered by gastric intubation. This report presents the results obtained so far concerning body weight, clinical observations, mortality and frequency of appearance of tumors. Results: mortality rate is low: 8.3 percent in the treated groups and 9 percent among controls. No evidence was found of survival time reduction, and daily observations did not reveal any signs of toxicity attributable to the treatment. The time of appearance and the frequency of tumors in treated animals and controls were statistically similar in both sexes. Conclusions: administration of D-004 (5001 500 mg/kg) to rats during the first 18 months of the study did not show any evidence of early carcinogenicity or toxicity associated with the treatment

Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 expression in canine normal prostate and with proliferative disorders / Expressão de metaloproteinases de matriz 2 e 9 na próstata canina normal e com lesões proliferativas

In this study the expression of metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2) and 9 (MMP-9) in canine normal prostates and with proliferative disorders was evaluated to verify the role of these enzymes in extracellular matrix remodeling (ECM) and in the tissue invasion process. A total of 355 prostatic samples were obtained, from which 36 (10.1%) were normal prostates, 46 (13.0%) with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 128 (36.1%) with proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA), 74 (20.8%) with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and 71 (20.0%) with prostatic carcinoma (PC). Difference in cytoplasmic immunohistochemical staining of MMP-2 and MMP-9 between acinar epithelium and periacinar stroma was found regarding the different diagnosis. The correlation between MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in relation to the number of labeled cells in acinar epithelium and periacinar stroma, as well as to the staining intensity in the periacinar stromal cells was evidenced in canine prostates with PIA. In conclusion, MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression has a variation in canine prostate according to the lesion, with lower expression in normal tissue and with BPH, and higher expression in those with PIA, PIN and PC. Moreover, the inflammatory microenvironment of the PIA has influence in the activity of both enzymes.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a expressão das metaloproteinases 2 (MMP-2) e 9 (MMP-9) em próstatas caninas normais e com desordens proliferativas, verificando o papel dessas enzimas na remodelação da matriz extracelular (MEC) e no processo de invasão tecidual. Um total de 355 amostras prostáticas foram obtidas, sendo 36 (10,1%) normais, 46 (13,0%) com hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB), 128 (36,1%) com atrofia inflamatória proliferativa (PIA), 74 (20,8%) com neoplasia intraepitelial prostática (PIN) e 71 (20,0%) com carcinoma prostático (CP). Houve diferença de imunomarcação citoplasmática para MMP-2 e MMP-9 entre o epitélio acinar e o estroma periacinar, quanto aos diferentes diagnósticos. Observou-se correlação entre a expressão de MMP-2 e MMP-9 em relação ao número de células marcadas no epitélio acinar e estroma periacinar, bem como para a intensidade de marcação das células estromais periacinares em próstatas caninas com PIA. Conclui-se que há variação na expressão de MMP-2 e MMP-9 em próstatas caninas de acordo com a lesão, com menor expressão em próstatas caninas normais e com HPB, e maior naquelas com PIA, PIN e CP. Ainda, o microambiente inflamatório na PIA influencia a atividade de ambas as enzimas.

Extracción asistida por microondas de lípidos de las semillas de Cucurbita pepo L. (calabaza) / Microwave-assisted extraction of Cucurbita pepo L. (pumpkin) seed lipids

Introducción: los lípidos presentes en las semillas de Cucurbita pepo L. ricos en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados han demostrado tener acción antiinflamatoria en la hiperplasia prostática benigna. El empleo de la energía de las microondas en la extracción de compuestos de origen natural tiene como ventaja principal, la rapidez del calentamiento, que permite significativos ahorros de tiempo y en consecuencia energía en el proceso, todo lo cual se manifiesta en una reducción de los costos en general. Objetivos: estudiar el efecto del tiempo en la obtención de los lípidos contenidos en las semillas de Cucurbita pepo L. mediante la extracción asistida por microondas. Métodos: se estudiaron diferentes tiempos (1, 5, 10 y 15 min) para extraer los lípidos de las semillas de Cucurbita pepo L., empleando etanol como disolvente. Se evaluó mediante espectroscopia de reflexión interna y cromatografía gaseosa la presencia de los ácidos grasos mayoritarios responsables de la actividad farmacológica. Resultados: se demostró que el tiempo de extracción de 1 min era el más adecuado. El análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo mediante espectroscopia de reflexión interna y cromatografía gaseosa, respectivamente, evidenció la presencia de los ácidos grasos en proporción mayoritaria reportados en la literatura con actividad sobre la hiperplasia prostática benigna. Conclusiones: los resultados demostraron la factibilidad del empleo de la energía de las microondas en la extracción del componente lipídico a partir de las semillas de Cucurbita pepo L

Introduction: lipids from Cucurbita pepo L. seeds, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, show an effective antiinflammatory effect in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The use of microwave energy in the extraction of natural compounds has among its main advantages quick heating, which saves time and energy in the process, thus reducing the general costs. Objectives: to study different extraction times to obtain lipids from Cucurbita pepo L. seeds through microwave-assisted extraction. Methods: lipids from Cucurbita pepo L. seeds were extracted with ethanol as solvent at several times (1, 5, 10 y 15 min).The evaluation was based on attenuated total internal reflection spectrometry and gas chromatography to detect the major fatty acids responsible for the pharmacological action. Results: the one-minute extraction time was the most efficient. Qualitative and quantitative analysis by attenuated total internal reflection spectrometry and gas chromatography indicated the presence of the major fatty acids reported in the literature as having pharmacological effect over benign prostate hyperplasia. Conclusions: the results demonstrated the feasibility of employing microwave energy in the extraction of the lipid component from Cucurbita pepo L. seeds

Finasterida e disfunção erétil: fato ou ficção? / Finasteride and erectile dysfunction: fact or fiction?

A finasterida é um inibidor seletivo da isoenzima 5-alfa redutase (SRD5A2) que converte testosterona em dihidrotestosteronana próstata e nos folículos pilosos, sendo usado desde a década de noventa para reduzir efeitos androgênicos no tratamento de sintomas e sinais de obstrução urinária por hiperplasia prostática benigna e na alopecia androgenética. Estudos recentes ? com baixo grau de evidência ? descreveram 92% de disfunção da ereção após seu uso, o que preocupa a mídia e o meio médico. Analisando-se estudos cegos randomizados placebo-controlados, a incidência média da referida disfunção foi 15% vs. 6% em controles de usuários de finasterida 5 mg para hiperplasia prostática benigna e 4% vs. 2% em homens jovens com uso de finasterida, 1 mg, para alopecia androgenética. A maioria dos casos foi reversível mediante descontinuação da droga ou não. A prevalência da disfunção aumentou com a idade, presença de manifestações de obstrução urinária e fatores de risco cardiovascular. No total, o uso cego de finasterida aumentou discretamente o risco relativo de disfunção da ereção, possivelmente por interferência sutil na produção de óxido nítrico pelo corpo cavernoso após redução de di-hidrotestosterona, que poderia potencializar outras causas de menor biodisponibilidade de óxido nítrico e disfunção endotelial. Entretanto, quando o aconselhamentomédico sobre efeitos sexuais adversos foi fornecido junto à prescrição de finasterida, o risco da disfunção quase triplicou, criando um efeito nocebo. Em conclusão, deve se avaliar função de ereção e fatores de risco para disfunção antes e durante o tratamento com finasterida. O tipo de informação que o médico deve dar junto à prescrição deve serembasado e dosado em cada indivíduo, no sentido de fazer mais bem do que mal.

Finasteride is a selective 5-alpha reductase isoenzymes (SRD5A2) inhibitor of the testosterone to dihydrotestosterone(DHT) conversion at the prostate and hair follicles, being used since the 90s to reduce androgenic effects in the treatment of lower urinary obstructive symptoms caused by begin prostate hyperplasia and also in androgenetic alopecia. Recent studies ? with a low grade of evidence ? described a percentage of 92% of erectile dysfunction after its use, raising midia and medical concern. Analyzing blinded randomized placebo-controlled studies, the meanincidence of erectile dysfunction was 15% vs. 6% in the control group of finasteride 5 mg users for begin prostate hyperplasia and 4% vs. 2% in younger men taking finasteride 1 mg for androgenetic alopecia. Most cases were reversible, upon drug discontinuation or not. Erectile dysfunction prevalence increased with age, the presence ofurinary obstructive symptoms and cardiovascular risk factors. Altogether, blinded finasteride use slightly increased the relative risk of erectile dysfunction, the possible mechanism underneath being a subtle interference with corpus cavernous nitric oxide generation after DHT reduction that could potentiate other causes of nitric oxide reducedbioavailability and endothelial dysfunction. However, when medical advice about sexual adverse effects was given together with finasteride prescription, the risk of erectile dysfunction was almost three times higher, creating a nocebo effect. In conclusion, erectile function and erectile dysfunction risk factors should be assessed before and duringfinasteride therapy; the kind of information a physician should give along with the prescription should be well based and dosed, in the sense of doing more good than harm to an individual patient.